关于“试婚”现象的若干法律问题/刘金锋

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关于“试婚”现象的若干法律问题

刘金锋


  试婚定义。广义的试婚是指单身男女双方在办理结婚登记手续前基于恋爱而共同居住和生活在一起的行为(包含发生性行为),是尝试婚姻、实验婚姻,不是正式的婚姻;狭义的试婚则仅指双方之间发生婚前性行为,而不共同居住生活。
  试婚起源。试婚并不是什么时髦的产物。中国古代就曾经实行过先同居、后结婚的婚姻形式。唐代敦煌文献《优先婚前同居书》中有试婚的侧面记载,试婚期间男人来到女家,与未婚妻同床而眠,但只能背靠背,不能性交,这样的方法大概是在试验对方是否忠贞。北美印地安人、阿富汗的某些部落、芬兰某些地区也曾普遍实行“床昵”的风俗,未婚夫妻和衣同床,不得性交。也有一些地区的试婚是婚前有性交的同居,如新西兰毛利人,马来西亚的沙捞越和埃塞俄比亚一些地方的人,菲律宾内鲁润岛上的伊罗人,这些地区的人们试婚时间与方式不尽相同,但都允许试婚期间有性交关系。而如今兴起于欧美、目前正在国内大肆流行的试婚,则为“性”的随意性提供了更大的方便,“试验夫妻”、“临时夫妻”成为了一种越发普遍的现象。
  试婚原因。试婚的起因各不相同,有的因为目睹了父母失败的婚姻而对婚姻充满惧怕感而选择了试婚;有的因为有过失败婚姻的痛苦经历对再婚顾虑重重而进行试婚;有的则是为了节省房租而搬到一起开始试婚;有的纯是为了试验双方在各方面是否和谐而试婚。面对现代爱情与婚姻的诸多不确定因素,在婚姻这座“围城”外徘徊的男女也越来越多。他们既想享受婚姻与家庭所带来的幸福与快乐,又不想承担婚姻家庭所产生的约束与责任,于是试婚便成了一种越发普遍的社会现象。
  试婚之利。通过这个试婚阶段,如果彼此感情融洽、性生活和谐,都有正式结合的愿望,可以进行正式结婚。如果通过试婚,双方互不满意,或一方对另一方不满意,婚事既作罢,双方可以各奔前程,再去选择合适的、满意的伴侣;对那些达到婚龄而又因种种原因而不能结婚的青年来说,可以解除性紧张,减少性犯罪;可以减少青少年人因无所事事而赌博、酗酒、滋事闹事等现象;可以减少因夫妻不和而引起的虐待、凶杀等家庭问题。经过试婚阶段的检验,最终结成连理的,才是真正以爱情为基础的美满的婚姻,这类家庭和谐稳固,很少存在离婚可能,有利于社会安定。从这一角度说,试婚这一社会现象,是社会进步的表现,有其积极意义的一面。
  试婚之弊。在中国的儒家文化里,试婚是被谴责的,它打破了人们对于婚姻的严肃性,抛弃了一夫一妻婚姻制的性道德。持不同意见者认为:婚姻非儿戏,不是“过家家“,它也不仅是两个人的个体行为,需要法律的认同和保护。从社会的角度来看男人和女人的爱情的归宿应该是正式结婚,而试婚是不规范的非法同居,同意试婚就是对现行法律的否定和公然践踏,将对婚姻制度造成严重威胁。试婚一旦成风,必然会带来无穷的后患。骗婚、变相卖淫、无计划生育、私生子、婚变自杀、双方家庭矛盾、经济纠纷等等,会层出不穷。婚姻成了无序状态,社会风气混乱,更何谈精神文明建设。试婚不能解决婚姻“磨合“的所有问题,性生活是否能和谐也不是通过“试婚”能实现的。企图通过几月半载的“准夫妻“生活,就能试出今后能否共同生活的结果也不现实。夫妻生活需要爱情不断加深,需要长久经历生育、教养孩子的共同考验,也需要经历侍奉双方老人、照顾各种人际关系的考验,更需要经历事业、工作、兴趣、爱好、性格等差异的考验。有了婚书,入了“围城“,使夫妻自觉不自觉地加强了互相的调适、整合,不致于动不动就分手。因此,从现实的角度而言,试婚并不可靠。
  试婚结果。试婚男女面对的结果无非有两种:结婚或者分手。无论是哪一种结果,都有可能让当事人觉得庆幸或者遗憾。因此,在决定试婚之前,一定要从全面的、现实的、自身的角度,用多方面的眼光来考虑清楚,如果没有足够的心理承受力来接纳试而不婚这样一个无言的结局,这婚还是不试为好。 
随着时代的变化,人们的婚恋观念也在悄悄发生着变化,人们对未婚同居、试婚等现象已不再像以前那嗤之以鼻,而是采取更加包容的态度来理智面对。尤其是随着离婚率的大幅攀升,人们对提高婚姻质量的关注达到了一个前所未有的高度。试婚的相关法律问题也就备受关注。

一、试婚的合法性

  《婚姻法》第3条规定“禁止重婚。禁止有配偶者与他人同居”,但并未规定禁止无配偶者之间的同居即试婚。试婚虽未被禁止,但也无法律明确规定准许。试婚既不违法,但也不合法。既然双方的关系没有法律的约束,自然就存在一定的随意性和不稳定性,因试婚失败而分手者占有相当大比例,而那些成功走进婚姻者,则无疑成了这个人群的幸运者。
  作为相对普遍存在的社会现象,法律有必要对之进行约束,但目前相关规定却存在缺失和盲区。建议出台相关管理条例予以约束试婚行为,可以规定试婚的条件(如具备结婚的实质要件)、试婚协议及其条款、双方之间的权利义务、试婚的后果(如财产、子女问题)等。

二、试婚期间的财产

  根据《民法通则》第78条、贯彻执行《民法通则》若干问题的意见第88条至第92条之规定,双方在试婚期间取得、形成的财产,若双方之间有协议的,按协议约定处理。没有协议约定的,能够证明属个人所有的,归其本人所有,否则归双方共有。不能证明财产是按份共有的,应当认定为共同共有。试而结婚者,根据《婚姻法》解释一第4条规定,婚前共同财产在双方具备结婚实质要件时即转化为夫妻共同财产;婚前个人财产没有约定变为夫妻共同财产的,仍属一方个人财产。试而不婚者,在其分手时,没有财产约定协议的,一方个人财产自行处理;试婚期间形成的共有财产,不能证明是按份共有的,按共同共有进行分割,按等分原则处理,且考虑一方对共有财产的贡献大小,适当照顾生产、生活的实际需要等情况。共有财产是特定物,而且不能分割或者分割有损其价值的,可以折价处理。分割后,一方出卖自己分得的财产时,如果出卖的财产与另一方分得的财产属于一个整体或者配套使用, 另一方有权主张优先购买权。

二、试婚期间的债权债务

  试婚期间形成的债权按照上述财产问题处理。试婚期间形成的债务,一般由欠债方单独偿还;有证据证明属共同债务的,由双方共同偿还,共同财产不足以偿清全部债务的,各方对债权人负连带偿还责任,多承担偿还责任一方,有权向另一方追偿。

三、 试婚期间所生子女

  试婚期间所生子女属非婚生子女,《婚姻法》第25条规定,非婚生子女享有与婚生子女同等的权利,任何人不得加以危害和歧视。《婚姻法》规定,父母对子女有抚养教育的义务;子女对父母有赡养扶助的义务。父母不履行抚养义务时,未成年的或不能独立生活的子女,有要求父母付给抚养费的权利。禁止溺婴、弃婴和其他残害婴儿的行为。子女可以随父姓,可以随母姓。父母有保护和教育未成年子女的权利和义务。在未成年子女对国家、集体或他人造成损害时,父母有承担民事责任的义务。不直接抚养非婚生子女的生父或生母,应当负担子女的生活费和教育费,直至子女能独立生活为止。不直接抚养子女的父或母,有探望子女的权利,另一方有协助的义务。

四、终止试婚

  试婚不成,双方自行分手,当事人起诉请求解除同居关系的,人民法院不予受理。但当事人请求解除的同居关系,属于婚姻法第三条、第三十二条、第四十六条规定的"有配偶者与他人同居"的,人民法院应当受理并依法予以解除。当事人因同居期间财产分割或者子女抚养纠纷提起诉讼的,人民法院应当受理。

五、试婚的继承权

  试婚期间办理结婚登记前,一方死亡,另一方以配偶身份主张享有继承权的,根据《婚姻法》解释一第5条、第6条规定, 1994年2月1日民政部《婚姻登记管理条例》公布实施以前,男女双方已经符合结婚实质要件并一直试婚但不结婚的,按事实婚姻处理,生存方享有合法配偶权利,即有继承权;1994年2月1日以后,按同居关系处理,生存方不享有合法配偶权利,即没有继承权,只有权分割双方共有财产中归其所有的部分。

六、过错赔偿

  《婚姻法》第46条规定重婚、有配偶者与他人同居、实施家庭暴力、虐待、遗弃家庭成员,导致离婚的,无过错方有权请求损害赔偿,该赔偿包括物质赔偿和精神赔偿。试婚不受婚姻法调整,也不适用关于婚姻过错赔偿的规定。一方过错导致双方分手,如果因其过错行为直接造成另一方身体伤害等(如虐待等),可按一般侵权处理,根据最高法院人身损害赔偿解释、精神损害赔偿解释的规定主张赔偿,但不能基于婚姻法的规定直接主张赔偿。

七、诉讼时效

  因试婚行为发生相关纠纷,一方可以依法向人民法院提起相关诉讼维权。其中,关于子女抚养纠纷诉讼(如要求未与试婚子女共同生活一方支付其生活、教育、医疗等抚养费),可以根据实际情况在需要时提出;人身损害赔偿诉讼,应当在侵权行为发生之日起一年内提出;其它财产纠纷,应当自争议发生之日起二年内提出;符合法定条件的解除同居关系的诉讼,可在一方决定结束试婚时提出,已经自行分手则无需再行起诉要求确认解除同居关系。



撰稿人:刘金锋律师
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MERCHANT SHIPPING (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


MERCHANT SHIPPING (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 413)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  
  II    REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
  egulations for the prevention and control of pollution
  enalty for taking detained ship to sea
  
  III   SHIPPING CASUALTIES INVOLVING A RISK OF POLLUTION
  pplication of Part III
  hipping casualties
  irections; right to recover in respect of unreasonable loss or
damage
  ffences in relation to section 6
  ervice of directions under section 6
  Enforcement of fines
  Saving of rights of action, etc.
  
  IV    SAVINGS, AMENDMENTS AND REPEALS
  Savings, amendments and repeals
  
  dule. (Omitted)
  
  rdinance to provide for the prevention and control of pollution 
from
  s and for incidental or related matters.
  January 1991] L. N. 14 of 1991
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Merchant Shipping 
(Prevention and
  rol of Pollution) Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  trol" includes contain and reduce;
  ector" means the Director of Marine;
  charge" means any release, howsoever caused, from a ship and 
includes
  escape, disposal, spilling, leaking, pumping, emitting or 
emptying;
  does not include--
  dumping within the meaning of the Convention on the 
Prevention of
  ne Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter signed in
London on
  ovember 1972; or
  any release directly arising from the exploration, 
exploitation and
  ciated off-shore processing of sea-bed mineral resources; or
  any release for the purposes of legitimate scientific research 
into
  ution abatement or control;
  g Kong ship" means--
  a ship registered in Hong Kong; and
  a vessel required to be licensed under Part IV of the Shipping 
and
  Control Ordinance (Cap. 313);
  " means oil of any description and includes spirit produced from 
oil
  ny description and also includes coal tar;
  p" means a vessel of any type whatsoever operating in the 
marine
  ronment and includes a hydrofoil, hovercraft, submersible or 
floating
  t and a fixed or floating platform.
 PART II REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
  
  egulations for the prevention and control of pollution
  In this section--
  vention" means the International Convention for the 
Prevention of
  ution from Ships (including its protocols, annexes and 
appendices)
  h constitutes Attachment 1 to the Final Act of the 
International
  erence on Marine Pollution signed in London on 2 November 
1973, as
  fied by any international agreement referred to in subsection (2)
(b)
  );
  tocol" means the Protocol (including the annex thereto) 
relating to
  Convention which constitutes Attachment 2 to the Final Act 
of the
  rnational Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention 
signed
  ondon on 17 February 1978, as modified by any international 
agreement
  rred to in subsection (2) (b) (iii); "substance other 
than oil"
  udes sewage and garbage of any kind.
  The Governor in Council may make regulations--
  relating to the prevention or control of pollution of the sea or
other
  rs by oil, or any substance other than oil, from ships; and
  for giving effect to--
  the Convention;
  the Protocol; and
  ) any other international agreement (whether made by 
resolution or
  rwise) which relates to the prevention or control of pollution
of the
  or other waters by oil, or any substance other than oil, from 
ships
  which applies to Hong Kong, including any agreement which
modifies any
  r such agreement.
  Regulations made under this section may be expressed to apply--
  to Hong Kong ships, wherever they may be; and
  to other ships while they are within the waters of Hong Kong.
  
  Regulations made under this section may provide that the 
regulations,
  ny provisions thereof, shall come into force on a date 
specified in
  regulations which is earlier than the date on which the 
international
  ement to which the regulations relate comes into force.
  Without limiting the generality of subsection (2), 
regulations made
  r this section may include provisions--
  for the approval of documents, the appointment of 
surveyors, the
  ying out of surveys and inspections and the rendering 
of other
  ices for the purposes of the regulations, whether in Hong 
Kong or
  where, and for the issue, duration, effect and 
recognition of
  ificates for those purposes;
  for the keeping, carriage and inspection of record books and 
other
  rds of operations involving oil, or any substance other than oil, 
on
  d ships;
  for the prohibition, regulation and control of the 
loading and
  iage on board ships, and the unloading or discharge from ships,
of oil
  ny substance other than oil and for procedures relating thereto;
  for the design and construction of, and the equipment and fittings 
on
  d, ships carrying oil or any substance other than oil;
  for the compulsory reporting of incidents involving pollution 
or the
  at of pollution for the purpose of giving effect to Protocol I
  visions concerning reports on incidents involving harmful 
substances)
  he Convention;
  for the payment of fees (whether prescribed under this Ordinance, 
the
  hant Shipping Ordinance (Cap. 281) or otherwise) in respect 
of any
  ey, inspection, certificate, service or other matter provided 
for by
  regulations;
  that contraventions of the regulations shall be offences
punishable by
  lties not exceeding--
  on conviction upon indictment, a fine of $5,000,000 and, in the 
case
  n individual, imprisonment for 2 years;
  on summary conviction, a fine of $500,000;
  that in the case of any such contravention an offence is committed
by-
  the master and the owner of the ship concerned; and
  where the contravention is due to the act or omission of 
another
  on, that person;
  for denying entry of any ship to the waters of Hong Kong in respect
of
  h any such contravention is believed to have occurred;
  for detaining any ship in respect of which any such 
contravention is
  eved to have occurred and for notifying the relevant consular
officer
  any) of the detention and of any proceedings against the ship;
and
  for the admission of prescribed or specified documents and 
certified
  es of documents as evidence in legal proceedings,
  the regulations may--
  make different provisions for different circumstances or in 
relation
  ifferent classes or descriptions of ships;
  provide for exemptions from any provisions of the 
regulations in
  ect of different classes or descriptions of ships;
  ) provide for the granting by the Director, on such terms (if any) 
as
  ay specify, of exemptions from any provisions of the 
regulations in
  ect of any ship, or class or description of ships, and 
for the
  ration or cancellation of any such exemption;
  provide for the approval by the Director of equivalent 
fittings,
  pment or procedures as alternatives to those prescribed;
  provide for the delegation of powers exercisable and 
functions
  ormable by virtue of the regulations;
  provide for the application of the regulations to the Crown; and
  ) include such incidental, supplemental and transitional
provisions as
  ar to the Governor in Council to be expedient for the purposes
of the
  lations.
  
  Any fees prescribed under this Ordinance--
  may be fixed at levels which provide for the recovery of 
expenditure
  rred or likely to be incurred by the Government or other authority 
in
  tion generally to the administration, regulation and control of 
Hong
  ships and of ports, ships and navigation in the waters of Hong 
Kong,
  shall not be limited by reference to the amount of 
administrative or
  r costs incurred or likely to be incurred in the provision 
of any
  icular service, facility or matter; and
  may, without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (a), be
fixed at
  erent amounts in relation to different sizes of ship, whether
measured
  onnage, length or otherwise, or in relation to different 
classes,
  s or descriptions of service, facility or ship.
  
  enalty for taking detained ship to sea
  Where a ship is authorized or ordered to be detained under
regulations
  under this Part, and after such detention or after service on 
the
  er of any notice of or order for such detention, the ship proceeds 
or
  mpts to proceed to sea before having been released by a 
competent
  ority, the master of the ship commits an offence and is liable 
to a
  of $500,000 and to imprisonment for 2 years; and if the 
owner or
  t or any person who sends the ship to sea is party or privy to 
the
  nce he also commits an offence and is liable to the same
punishment.
  Where a ship proceeds to sea in contravention of subsection (1)
whilst
  ng on board a public officer who is acting in the execution of 
his
  , the master and owner of the ship--
  in addition to any punishment to which they may be liable 
under
  ection (1), both commit an offence against this subsection 
and are
  liable to imprisonment for 6 months and to a fine of $20,000 and 
an
  tional fine of $1,000 for each day during the period from the date 
on
  h the ship proceeded to sea until the date on which the 
officer
  rns to Hong Kong or, if he does not return directly to Hong 
Kong,
  d have returned if he had travelled by the quickest practicable
route;
  
  are jointly and severally liable to pay to the Government all
expenses
  dental to the taking of the officer to sea and to securing his 
return
  ong Kong.
  Expenses referred to in subsection (2) (b) may be recovered as
if they
  a fine imposed by a magistrate.
 PART III SHIPPING CASUALTIES INVOLVING A RISK OF POLLUTION
  
  pplication of Part III
  Subject to subsections (2) and (3), this Part shall apply in 
relation
  ll ships whether within or outside the waters of Hong Kong.
  As respects a ship which--
  is not a Hong Kong ship; and
  is for the time being outside the waters of Hong Kong,
  power conferred on the governor by section 6 (2) to give 
directions
  only be exercised in relation to--
  an individual who is a British citizen, a British 
Dependent
  itories citizen, a British Overseas citizen or who under the Hong
Kong
  tish Nationality) Order 1986 (App. III, p. EG1) is a British
National
  rseas); or
  a body corporate which is established under the laws of Hong 
Kong,
  section 8 (2) shall apply to such an individual or body 
corporate
  .
  No direction under section 6 (2) shall apply to any vessel 
of Her
  sty's navy or to any ship not forming part of Her Majesty's navy
which
  ngs to Her Majesty or is held by any person on behalf of or for 
the
  fit of the Crown in right of Her Majesty's Government in the 
United
  dom or Her Majesty's Government in Hong Kong, and no action shall 
be
  n under section 6 (4) or (5) as respects any such vessel or ship.
  
  hipping casualties
  The powers conferred by this section may be exercised where--
  an accident has occurred to or in a ship; and
  in the opinion of the Governor--
  oil, or any substance other than oil, from the ship will or may 
cause
  ution on a large scale in Hong Kong or in the waters of Hong Kong;
  if the ship is one referred to in section 5 (2), the 
danger of
  ution is grave and imminent; and
  ) the exercise of the powers conferred by this section is 
urgently
  ed.
  For the purpose of preventing or reducing pollution, or the 
risk of
  ution, the Governor may give directions as respects the ship or 
its
  o--
  to the owner of the ship, or to any person in possession or control
of
  ship; or
  to the master of the ship; or
  to any salvor in possession of the ship, or to any person who is 
the
  ant or agent of any such salvor, and who is in charge of the 
relevant
  age operation.
  Directions under subsection (2) may require the person to whom 
they
  given to take, or refrain from taking, any action of 
any kind
  soever, and without limiting the generality of the 
foregoing the
  ctions may require--
  that the ship is to be, or is not to be, moved--
  to or from a specified place, area or locality;
  over a specified route; or
  that any oil or other cargo is to be, or is not to be, unloaded 
or
  harged; or
  that specified salvage measures are to be, or are not to be, taken.
  If in the opinion of the Governor the powers conferred by
subsection
  are, or have proved to be, inadequate for the purpose, the 
Governor
  for the purpose of preventing or reducing pollution, or the risk 
of
  ution, take, as respects the ship or its cargo, any action of any
kind
  soever, and without limiting the generality of the 
foregoing the
  rnor may--
  do anything he has power to require to be done by a direction 
under
  ection (2);
  cause operations to be undertaken for the sinking or 
destruction of
  ship, or any part of it, of a kind which is not within the means 
of
  person to whom he may give such a direction;
  cause operations to be undertaken which involve taking over
control of
  ship.
  The powers of the Governor under subsection (4) may also be 
exercised
  uch persons as may be authorized in that behalf by the Governor.
  A person concerned in complying with directions given, or in 
action
  n, under this section shall use his best endeavours to avoid risk 
to
  n life.
  Nothing in this section shall derogate from or affect any 
right or
  r of the Government existing apart from this section whether 
under
  rnational law or otherwise.
  
  Any action taken as respects a ship which is under arrest 
or as
  ects the cargo of such a ship, being action taken under a 
direction
  n under subsection (2), or under subsection (4) or (5)--
  does not constitute contempt of court; and
  shall not constitute a ground or cause of action in legal 
proceedings
  ituted against the Government.
  In this section--
  ident" includes the loss, stranding, abandonment of or damage 
to a
  ; "any substance other than oil" means--
  any substance specified in an order made under subsection (10);
and
  any other substance which is liable to create a hazard to 
human
  th, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage 
amenities or
  nterfere with other legitimate uses of the sea;
  cified", in relation to a direction under subsection (2), 
means
  ified in the direction.
  The Governor may, by order published in the Gazette, 
specify any
  tance for the purposes of the definition of "any substance other 
than
  in subsection (9).
  
  irections; right to recover in respect of unreasonable loss or
damage
  If any action taken under a direction under section 6 (2), or 
under
  ion 6 (4) or (5)--
  was not reasonably necessary to prevent or reduce pollution or,
as may
  ppropriate, the risk of pollution; or
  was such that the good it did or was  likely  to 
do  was
  roportionately less than the expense incurred, or damage suffered, 
as
  sult of the action,
  rson incurring expense or suffering damage as a result of the 
action,
  f himself having taken the action, shall be entitled to 
claim and
  ver compensation from the Government.
  In determining whether subsection (1) applies in a particular 
case,
  unt shall be taken of--
  the extent and risk of pollution if the action had not been taken;
  the likelihood of the action being effective; and
  the extent of the damage which has been caused by the action.
  Any reference in this section to the taking of any action 
includes a
  rence to a compliance with a direction not to take some 
specified
  on.
  ffences in relation to section 6
  A person to whom a direction is given under section 6 (2) who fails
to
  ly with any requirement of the direction, commits an offence.
  A person who wilfully obstructs any person who is--
  acting on behalf of the Governor in connection with the 
giving or
  ice of a direction under section 6 (2);
  acting in compliance with such a direction; or
  acting under subsection (4) or (5) of that section,
  its an offence.
  In proceedings for an offence under subsection (1), it shall 
be a
  nce for the accused to prove that--
  he used all due diligence to secure compliance with the direction;
or
  he had reasonable cause for believing that such compliance would 
have
  lved a serious risk to human life.
  A person who commits an offence under this section is liable-
-
  on conviction upon indictment, to a fine of $5,000,000;
  on summary conviction, to a fine of $500,000.
  ervice of directions under section 6
  If the Governor is satisfied that a company or other body
corporate is
  one to which section 338 or 356 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 
32)
  ies so as to authorize the service of a direction on that body 
under
  er of those sections, he may give a direction under section 6 (2)--
  to that body, as the owner of, or the person in possession or 
control
  a ship, by serving the direction on the master of the ship; or
  to that body, as a salvor, by serving the direction on the person 
in
  ge of the salvage operations.
  For the purpose of giving or serving a direction under section 
6 (2)
  r on any person on a ship, a person acting on behalf of the 
Governor
  l have the right to go on board the ship.
  
  Enforcement of fines
  e a fine imposed in proceedings against the owner or master of
a ship
  an offence under this Part is not paid at the time ordered by 

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北京市人民政府办公厅关于印发北京市市政管理委员会职能配置内设机构和人员编制规定的通知

北京市人民政府办公厅


北京市人民政府办公厅关于印发北京市市政管理委员会职能配置内设机构和人员编制规定的通知

(京政办发〔2000〕51号)
2000-06-13

  根据中共中央、国务院批准的《北京市党政机构改革方案》和《北京市人民政府关于机构设置的通知》(京政发〔2000〕2号),设置北京市市政管理委员会(简称市市政管委),首都城市环境综合整治办公室(简称首都环境综合整治办)设在市市政管委。市市政管委是负责本市城市市政基础设施、公用事业、环境卫生和城市市容环境综合整治以及城市管理综合执法的市政府组成部门。

  一、职能调整

  (一)划出的职能。

  1.不再对原归口单位进行管理;将协调有关环境保护、园林、绿化、邮政、电信、防震减灾等工作,交给相关部门承担。
  2.将主管本市公共交通的职能,以及原北京市出租汽车管理局承担的出租汽车行业、旅游汽车行业的管理职能,原公共交通管理办公室承担的小公共汽车的行业管理职能,交给北京市交通局。
  3.将负责组织城区防汛的职能,交给北京市水利局。
  4.将负责住房制度改革和协调住宅小区综合管理的职能,交给北京市国土资源和房屋管理局。
  5.将审批建筑物或构筑物拆除爆破的职能,交给北京市公安局。

  (二)划入的职能。

  1.原北京市公用局承担的供⒔谒⒐┢⒐┤鹊裙檬乱档男姓芾碇澳堋?
  2.原北京市环境卫生管理局承担的市容环境卫生的行政管理职能。
  3.原首都城市环境综合整治委员会办公室承担的城市环境综合整治职能。
  4.原北京市房屋土地管理局承担的本市住宅锅炉供暖的行业管理职能。

  (三)转变的职能。

  1.取消审批用水指标和临时用水指标、节水奖励、区县供水发展计划、用水器具准用、冷却塔安装更新、燃气设备进京销售许可、建设单位专业管理人员岗位资格、建设类培训机构资格、建设类高级技工资格鉴定培训机构鉴定与核发建设劳务资格证书的职能。
  2.取消核准从事环境卫生作业服务经营资质、临时渣土消纳场地设置、渣土砂石运输单位资格的职能。
  3.取消对施工单位开工前登记和燃气工程设计、施工单位资质的备案。
  4.按照政企分开的原则,不再直接管理企业的生产经营和投资决策活动,为企业提供政策咨询等服务。
  5.按照政事分开的原则,将市政、公用、环卫等科技项目的成果鉴定、评审、推广等具体工作,交给事业单位承担。

  (四)下放的职能。

  1.将城市次干路以下道路设施的养护和管理工作,下放给区政府承担。
  2.将管理原北京市环境卫生管理局所属作业队伍承担的道路清扫、垃圾、粪便收集、清运等作业任务,下放给区政府,具体作业任务逐步由社会化、专业化公司承担。
  3.将审批建设液化气换瓶站的职能,下放给区、县政府。

  二、主要职责

  根据上述职能调整,市市政管委的主要职责是:

  (一)研究制订本市市政、公用、环卫事业的发展战略、中长期规划和年度计划,并组织实施。 (二)研究起草本市城市市政基础设施、公用事业、环境卫生和城市市容环境综合整治以及城市管理综合执法方面的地方性法规、规章草案,并组织实施。

  (三)负责本市城市市政基础设施、公用事业、环境卫生等行业管理;研究制定行业的管理制度和政策。

  (四)负责本市城市管理综合执法的统一协调、调度和监督检查工作。

  (五)负责拟订本市城市环境综合整治计划,并组织实施;负责协调有关地区和部门的综合整治工作。

  (六)负责本市市政、公用、环卫方面政府投资或非经营性建设项目的可行性研究、申报立项和竣工验收等工作。

  (七)负责本市城市道路、桥梁、排水、污水处理等市政基础设施的管理;研究拟订市政基础设施养护的管理标准和规范;参与城区防汛工作。

  (八)负责本市供水、供气、供热等公用事业的管理;制定公用事业的技术、运营、服务、供应等管理标准和规范,并监督实施。

  (九)负责本市城市计划用水、节约用水和规划市区地下水的开发利用和保护工作。

  (十)负责本市市容和环境卫生的行业管理工作;拟订城市市容市貌标准、环境卫生质量标准,并组织监督检查;负责统筹、协调和管理本市城市夜景照明工作。

  (十一)负责本市户外广告管理工作;组织审批本市户外广告设置并监督管理;组织拟订户外广告设置的规划和技术标准。

  (十二)负责本市经营性停车设施行业的管理;组织拟订有关停车设施建设和经营管理的政策。

  (十三)负责编报市级城市市政、环卫等方面的维护及专项费用的年度计划并组织实施;负责管理本系统依法征收的费用。

  (十四)组织制订市政、公用、环卫等行业科技发展规划并指导实施;指导重大科技项目攻关、成果推广和新技术引进工作。

  (十五)指导区、县市政管理的工作。

  (十六)承办市政府交办的其他事项。

  三、内设机构

  根据上述职责,市市政管委设24个处室和机关党委、老干部处。

  (一)办公室

  负责本机关政务工作;负责公文处理、信息、议案、建议、提案和信访、档案、保密、外事、接待联络工作,以及重要会议的组织工作;组织起草有关重要文稿;负责重要文件和会议决定事项的督查工作。

  (二)法制处

  组织起草有关方面的地方性法规、规章草案;对本部门制定的规范性文件进行合法性审核;负责行政执法监督工作;调查研究有关法律、法规、规章和政策的执行情况;承办本机关的行政复议、行政赔偿案件和行政诉讼的应诉代理工作;组织行政处罚听证工作。

  (三)研究室

  负责本系统调查研究工作,组织或参与重大课题的调查研究,收集、整理、编纂市政设施、公用事业、环境卫生管理等方面的资料;负责本系统社会团体工作。

  (四)计划处

  负责组织编制市政、公用、环卫等行业的中长期发展规划和年度计划;制订本系统城市维护费年度使用计划并监督实施;负责市政、公用、环卫行业的统计、信息工作;研究拟订对市政公用事业产品和服务价格的调整意见。

  (五)城市道路桥梁管理处

  负责市管城市道路、桥梁及附属设施维修养护和管理;指导、协调、监督、检查区管城市道路桥梁及其附属设施的维修养护和管理;负责核准市管道路的临时占道;负责市政设施养护维修企业资质管理。

  (六)城市排水管理处

  负责城市排水与污水处理设施及附属设施的管理工作;负责城市排水许可管理和排水监测工作;负责污水处理费的征收管理;参与城区防汛工作。

  (七)市政工程处

  参与编制市政基础设施建设的中长期、详细规划和年度计划,并组织实施;负责组织市政府投资建设市政基础设施工程项目的可行性研究、申报立项和竣工验收等工作。

  (八)城市供水节水管理办公室

  负责供水行业管理工作;拟订城市用水年度计划;负责城市公共供水企业和自建设施及用水户的管理;参与重大节水项目的设计审查与工程验收;负责本市城市计划用水、节约用水和规划市区地下水的开发利用和保护工作。

  (九)燃气管理办公室

  负责燃气行业管理工作;参与制订本市燃气发展规划;组织重要燃气供应项目的设计审查和工程验收;负责审批燃气企业资质;监督检查燃气行业安全和服务工作;负责燃气供应、储备、气化、混气等厂站建设的审批。

  (十)供热管理办公室

  负责供热行业管理工作;参与制订本市供热发展规划;参与重要供热项目的设计审查和工程验收;负责审批供热企业的资质;监督检查供热行业安全管理和服务工作。

  (十一)市容环境管理处

  负责组织编制本市市容环境管理专业规划和实施计划;拟订和组织实施本市市容环境卫生质量标准和城市容貌标准;指导、协调、监督、检查全市市容环境管理工作;负责环卫行业的管理工作;负责组织城市环境综合检查工作。

  (十二)环境卫生设施管理处

  负责组织编制本市环境卫生设施建设专业规划和分期实施计划;参与审查城市建设和改造过程中配套环卫设施的规划方案和设计方案,并参与有关项目的竣工验收;负责指导、协调、监督、检查市、区县环境卫生设施建设与管理工作。

  (十三)户外广告管理处

  负责组织审批本市户外广告设置和监督管理工作;组织拟订户外广告设置的规划和技术标准。

  (十四)夜景照明管理处

  负责本市城市夜景和路灯照明工作,拟订相关的管理规定;统筹、协调和管理城市夜景照明工作;负责重要地区的夜景照明管理,并指导和检查各区、县及相关单位的有关工作。

  (十五)停车设施管理处

  负责本市经营性停车设施的行业管理;参与研究有关停车设施建设和经营管理方面的政策。

  (十六)城管监察协调处

  负责城管监察、行政执法以及城管监察系统的协调工作;负责协调、调度区县城管监察队伍开展专项执法工作;指导区县城管监察培训工作。

  (十七)城管监察督查处

  负责监督、检查全市城管监察队伍的执法情况,考核区县城管监察执法工作;检查评定执法案卷;受理城管监察投诉工作。

  (十八)外经处

  组织起草本系统对外经济交流发展规划和年度计划;负责市政、公用、环卫事业等方面有关利用外资项目的谈判和协调工作;指导、协调、监督、检查本系统单位对外经贸工作。

  (十九)科技处

  负责组织起草本系统科技发展规划和技术政策;编制和组织实施行业重点科技发展项目计划、技术引进计划;负责指导新技术推广工作。

  (二十)宣传教育处

  负责本系统对外宣传报导工作和精神文明建设工作;负责制订本系统教育发展、人才培训计划,并组织实施;指导、协调本系统成人教育、职业教育工作。

  (二十一)财务处

  负责管理本系统各项资金和行政事业性收费;负责本机关及直属单位的财务工作。

  (二十二)人事处

  负责本系统干部队伍建设规划及部署的落实工作;负责本机关的人事管理工作;指导直属单位人事管理工作。

  (二十三)综合协调处

  负责起草全市环境整治工作方案,制订各项环境整治任务分解落实计划;协调各区县、市有关部门日常环境整治工作;负责环境整治新闻宣传工作;编制报送环境综合整治情况简报、信息。

  (二十四)督促检查处

  负责制订环境综合考评标准及日常监督检查办法;负责全市环境综合检查、考评工作并定期提出考评报告;督促各区县、市有关部门落实各项整治任务。

  机关党委。负责本机关及直属事业单位的党群工作。

  老干部处。负责本机关及直属机构离、退休人员的管理工作。

  纪检、监察机构,按有关规定派驻。

  四、人员编制

  市市政管委机关行政编制为156名(含首都环境综合整治办和纪检、监察编制),另核定老干部工作机构行政编制7名。其中:主任1名,副主任4名;处级领导职数61名。机关后勤行政编制10名转为事业编制。机关后勤事业编制,另行核定。

  五、其他事项

  (一)为履行有关工作职责,城市道路桥梁管理处、城市排水管理处、市政工程处对外可以北京市市政设施管理办公室的名义开展工作。

  (二)为履行有关工作职责,城管监察协调处、城管监察督查处对外可以北京市城市管理监察办公室的名义开展工作。

  (三)为履行有关工作职责,综合协调处、督促检查处对外可以首都城市环境综合整治办室的名义开展工作。

  (四)为履行有关工作职责,户外广告管理处对外可以北京市户外广告审批管理办公室名义开展工作。